# Current
This document describes the design considerations and implementation details for the current card.
A block diagram is presented and each component is discussed in detail. Specifications of each component are provided based on the datasheet.
## Relevant Hardware Versions
REV C
## Design Requirements and Considerations
The current measurement card was designed to the following specifications:
1. Current measurement range of +/- 55A (rms)
2. Noise immunity
3. Quick adjustment of the sensing range
4. High sensor bandwidth
5. SPI output to interface with the sensor motherboard
## Block Diagram
The high level block diagram of the current sensor card is shown below:
### Current Sensor
LEM LA 55-P current sensor is selected for this design, as it is the only sensor available from LEM with an open aperture and PC pins that can measure +/-55A.
The open aperture was a requirement as it allows for the range to be easily scaled down just by adding turns to the primary.
The LA 55-P is a closed loop compensated hall effect transducer that has an accuracy of +/-0.65% and linearity of <0.15% which is quite good compared to other sensors from LEM.
It has an excellent bandwidth of 200khz and a low impedance current output that is inherently more immune to noise than a high impedance voltage output.
### Burden Resistor (_R__BURDEN_)
A burden resistor (`R5`) is used to convert the current output of the sensor to a voltage. For a sensing range of 70A, the burden resistance, _R__BURDEN_ was calculated using the following equation
_V__BURDEN_ = _I__PRIMARY_(_N_2/_N_1)_R__BURDEN_
_R__BURDEN_ = (10 V/70 A)*(1000/1) = 143Ω
The LA 55-P datasheet specifies the burden resistor value must be between 135Ω and 155Ω so a 150Ω resistor was selected.
### Current Sensor Gain
The LA 55P has a conversion ratio of _N_1:_N_2 = 1:1000, where _N_1 is the primary turns (user configurable) and _N_2 is the secondary turns. With the chosen _R__BURDEN_ and _N_1 = 1, the current sense circuitry has a current - voltage gain of 1/7 [V/A].
To sense lower current, multiple number of primary turns can be added, without the need to modify any other parts of the circuit. As an example, to sense currents in the range of +/- 7 A, _N_1 = 10 can be used, without modifying rest of the circuit.
### Op Amp Stage
The voltage across the burden resistor is a bipolar signal (voltage span includes both positive and negative voltages).
A non-inverting level translation circuit is designed using Op Amps as shown here:
This circuit is used to translate the voltage across the burden resistor, which is bipolar, to the ADC input range of 0-4.5V. The resistor values can be calculated analytically. However, the algebra gets quite complicated. Hence it was computed using TI analog engineer's calculator.
**Note:** As the op-amp output voltage approaches the supply rails, it tends to distort and behave nonlinearly so the output voltage is limited to actually be 0.2V to 4.5V
### Voltage Reference (LDO)
The voltage reference, _V__REF_ is needed for the ADC. As 5V is readily available, and the LDO will have a minimum drop out voltage, _V__REF_ = 4.5V was chosen. The LDO selected was `REF5045` from Texas Instruments, which can take a 5V input and provide a 4.5V reference output. This has an accuracy of 0.1% and low noise of 3μVpp/V.
### First Order Anti-Aliasing Filter
A first order RC filter is implemented on the output of the op amp circuit. The cutoff frequency was set at 48kHz and the following equations was used for the computation:
_f_c = 1 / (2 π _RC_)
**Note:** The cutoff frequency can easily be changed by swapping out `R3`.
### Analog to Digital Converter
A single-ended ADC was selected. The ADC used is the Texas Instruments ADS8860. It is pseudo-differential input, SPI output, SAR ADC.
The maximum data throughput for a single chip is 1 MSPS but decreases by a factor of N for N devices in the daisy-chain.
The input voltage range is 0-4.5V. The positive input pin of the ADC `AINP` is connected to the output of the low pass filter, and the negative input pin `AINN` is connected to `GND`.
**Note:** The different stages of the current sensor card described above convert the input current into a voltage in the range of 0.2V - 4.5V. Therefore, 0 input current corresponds to 2.35V at the ADC input. The positive peak corresponds to 4.5V and the negative peak corresponds to 0.2V.
### Connectors
- There are two screw terminals `P5` and `P6` to connect the conductor in which the current is to be measured
- A screw terminal block `P1` is used to connect the +-15V supply for the current sensor
- A BNC terminal is available to directly measure the output across the burden resistor _R__BURDEN_
## Footprints
A user may want to change some of the passive components based on the range required and the RC filter cutoff frequency desired. The footprints of passive components that may need to be replaced i.e, the burden resistor (`R5`), the resistors in the Op Amp stage, and the RC filter components is provided here for quick reference. Note that these footprints are imperial codes and **not metric codes**.
| Component | Footprint |
| ---- | ----- |
| R3 | 0603|
| R4 | 0603 |
| R5 | 2512 |
| R6 | 0603 |
| R8 | 0603 |
| C5 | 0603 |
## Datasheets
- [Current Sensor](https://github.com/Severson-Group/AMDS/blob/develop/CurrentCard/datasheets/datasheets/LA55P_Current%20Sensor.pdf)
- [Op Amp](https://github.com/Severson-Group/AMDS/blob/develop/CurrentCard/datasheets/datasheets/OPA320_OpAmp.pdf)
- [Voltage Reference (LDO)](https://github.com/Severson-Group/AMDS/blob/develop/CurrentCard/datasheets/datasheets/REF5045_LDO.pdf)
- [Analog to Digital Converter](https://github.com/Severson-Group/AMDS/blob/develop/CurrentCard/datasheets/datasheets/ADS_8860_ADC.pdf)